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GPS Guide to Aerial Surveillance With an ever-increasing appetite to know about people's on-the-ground activities, both foreign and domestic, the U.S. government proves an apt customer for companies developing innovative aerial surveillance platforms. Recent demonstrations launched an aerosphere resembling a gargantuan ping pong ball and ducted fan vehicles that can hover, zoom, or perch on a building ledge. These unmanned vehicles require autonomous navigation, and GPS quite naturally fills the bill. The SA-60 aerosphere can hover at 16,000 feet, observing 154 square miles beneath it. AerospheresThe U.S. Navy contracted for tests and evaluation of the SA-60 spherical airship produced by Techsphere Systems International of Atlanta, Georgia, with New Orleans, Louisiana-based Proxity Digital Networks and its subsidiary Cyber Aerospace. The SA-60 low-altitude airship can carry a customer-specified sensor suite for battlefield or homeland surveillance, monitoring warzones or other ar

Body-on-Frame In this type of car design, the car's body is a separate unit from its chassis or frame. This is a common form of construction for older cars, as well as modern trucks and some SUVs. Most modern cars use unibody construction

Down to the basics After you have parked your car safely, put a couple of bricks or stones beneath the tyres to make sure that it does not roll down. Bring your jack, spare wheel and lug wrench to the work area. Loosen the nuts without having jacked up the car, to prevent the wheel spin on you. Turn counterclockwise to loosen the nut until it comes off. Next jack up the car. Remove the old wheel now. After having taken out the lug nuts, pull the wheel with your weight forward to prevent from falling backward. Adjust well the spare wheel in the threaded shafts so that they fit. Then tighten the nuts in the proper order. Lower the jack so that the tyre rests on the ground. Replace the hubcap or the plate. Voila! You are ready to drive again.                                              Detect a brake problem Brake problems vary greatly with the make and model of a car, the age of the car and other variables. If your car is experiencing brake problems, bring it to a mechanic. You may, how

BODY The body of an automobile is categorized according to the number of doors, the arrangement of seats, and the roof structure. Their roofs are conventionally supported by pillars on each side of the body in recent times, there are convertible models with retractable fabric tops that rely on the pillar at the side of the windshield for upper body strength, as convertible mechanisms and glass areas are essentially nonstructural. The glass areas have been increased for improved visibility and for aesthetic reasons. New designs are usually programmed on three- to six-year cycles with generally minor refinements appearing during the cycle. Redesigning was a tough job in the past, when as much as four years of planning and new tool purchasing was needed for a completely new design. Computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) techniques may now be used to reduce this time requirement by 50 percent or more. Sheet steel is generally used to make automotive bodies. Elem

Braking of Vehicle Figure 28.2 shows the vehicle moving down a gradient inclined at an angle, G, to the horizontal. Retardation takes place when brakes are applied. To bring the whole system in equilibrium the inertia force, which is also known as reverse effective force, is included with the system of forces actually existing. Fig. 28.2. Forces acting on a vehicle during braking while moving down on an inclined path.   Brakes may be applied (a) to the rear wheels only, (6) to the front wheels, and (c) to all the four wheels. All the three cases are discussed separately. (a) Brakes Applied to the Rear Wheels. Referring Fig. 28.2 let Fr be the braking force produced at the rear wheels. The limiting value of Fr is \lRr. The whole system is in equilibrium under the influence of coplanar forces. Therefore, 6) Brakes Applied to the Front Wheels. The Fig. 28.2 can be referred, but in this case Fr is replaced by Ff acting at the front wheels. The limiting value of Ff is n Rf- Therefore as be

Braking System The function of the braking system is to retard the speed of the moving vehicle or bring it to rest in a shortest possible distance whenever required. The vehicle can be held on an inclined surface against the pull of gravity by the application of brake. Brakes are mechanical devices for increasing the frictional resistance that retards the turning motion of the vehicle wheels. It absorbs either kinetic energy or potential energy or both while remaining in action and this absorbed energy appears in the form of heat. While moving down a steep gradient the vehicle is controlled by the application of brakes. In this case brakes remain in action for a longer period making it imperative to dissipate the braking heat to atmosphere as rapidly as possible. Automobiles are fitted with two brakes; the service or foot brake and the emer­gency or hand brake. The foot brake is used to control the speed of the vehicle and to stop it, when and where desired, by the application of force

Types of Brake The two main types of friction brake are drum brake and disc brake (Fig. 28.4). In both types a fixed (non-rotating) shoe or pad rubs against a moving drum or disc. To increase the friction between the rubbing surfaces, a special friction material is attached to the fixed part. Earlier this friction material had a high content of asbestos, but its dust is injurious to health so that a safe asbestos free friction material is nowadays used. Fig. 28.4. Types of brake. Drum Brakes. This internal expanding type of brake contains two shoes that are attached to a back-plate and are fixed to a stub axle or axle tube. The section of each shoe is of "T" shape. A friction lining is riveted or bonded to the outer face of the shoe. A drive is fitted at one end of the shoe so that the shoe expands when the brake pedal is applied. In a simple brake (Fig. 28.5) a cam is used as a shoe expander, but modern systems for cars use hydraulically operated pistons for shoe expansion.

Spy planes should come in the shape of a “bird” for better camouflage. Univerisity of Michigan has been awarded a 5-year grant of $10 millions for the development of some bat-like robotic spy planes. The bat-like spy plane has been given a acronym called COM-BAT which stands for U-M Center for Objective Microelectronics and Biomimetic Advanced Technology, which aims to re-establish the U.S Army as a world leader. The kind of bat-like spy planes are designed to provide short-term but real-time surveillance and feedback to the soldiers in the urban combat zones by using a collection of senses including sight, sound and smell. The main problem faced by the development of the COM-BAT is finding it a super lasting battery that allows it to fly long enough in the sky to collect all the necessary information for the soldiers before it drops to the ground. The development team is looking into possibility of get its power to be generated by vibrations, wind and also the sun, which the Un

Brake Shoe and Pad Fundamentals 28.4.1. Brake Shoe Self Energization The drum type brake consists of two internal semicircular shoes, which are lined with friction material matching to the internal rubbing face of the drum. The shoes are fitted on a back plate, also known as a torque plate, between a pivot anchor or wedge type abutment at the lower shoe end and at the upper shoe top end by either a cam or hydraulic piston type expander. In Fig. 28.9 the expander is simply represented by two opposing arrows and the shoe linings by two small segmental blocks in the mid region of the shoes. During clockwise rotation of the drum, the upper tips of the shoes are pushed apart by the expander force, Fe, and a normal inward reaction force, N, provided by the drum, resists any shoe expansion. Consequently the drum slid over the shoe linings and a tangential frictional force Ft = \iN is produced between each pair of rubbing surfaces. The friction force or drag on the right hand shoe (Fig. 28.9)