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Carburetor In older cars and some motorcycles, the carburetor mixes the correct amount of air with fuel to create internal combustion. In modern cars, this is done automatically by the fuel injection system.

Slider-Crank Mechanism ,   arrangement of mechanical parts designed to convert straight-line motion to rotary motion , as in a reciprocating piston engine , or to convert rotary motion to straight-line motion, as in a reciprocating piston pump. The basic nature of the mechanism and the relative motion of the parts can best be described with the aid of the accompanying , in which the moving parts are lightly shaded. The darkly shaded part 1, the fixed frame or block of the pump or engine, contains a cylinder, depicted in cross section by its walls DE and FG, in which the piston. for the video of the above mechanism click here

*Car Paints* Do - Always use wet cloth for wiping the car, after rinsing the paint surface with water first Don't - Never wipe dust off your car with a dry cloth or duster Do - Wax your car after it's been washed, to avoid sealing in the dirt Don't - Do not wash, polish or wax your car in the sun when the sun is hot. It could streak or stain the paint surface Do - For car covers use natural fabrics that breathe, like cotton. Make sure the car cover is secure Don't - Never use vinyl or plastic car covers in humid conditions. They trap moisture and could cause fungus. Do - Always use soft (normal) water to wash your car. Don't - Do not use hard water (which contains minerals). It will leave a film on paint surface. Do - Use car shampoos or polishes to wash your car. Don't - Never use laundry detergents or similar harsh soaps to wash your car. Harsh soaps will remove any protective wax plus the paints oil, which will dry out the paint and make it look fla

clean fuel No Sulphur, No Lead                                                                                                                    We tend to accept 0.15gm/ltr lead in petrol as low lead petrol and 0.05g/ltr as unleaded fuel. We need to go to 0.013g/ltr as a transitional step immediately and to 0.0013g/ltr in 4 years. At that level, lead would be almost untraceable in petrol and consequently in the human body. Particle emissions are directly related to sulphur.In India, sulphur in diesel has to come down from 0.25% to 0.05% by weight - elsewhere it is going to 0.02%. Sulphur in petrol may be brought down from 0.2 to 0.1 by next year, but we need to catch up with the world by taking it to 0.01 as a transtitional step and to 0.005 by 2004. Higher Octane, Higher Cetane Higher compression engine gives lower pollution and require the octane to go up from the present 89 to 91. Similarly, diesel cetane needs to go up from 45 to 48 at first and to 53. Take Benzene down Benzene o

COOLING SYSTEM Liquid cooling systems are employed by most engines today. A typical automotive cooling system comprises (1) a series of channels cast into the engine block and cylinder head, surrounding the combustion chambers with circulating water or other coolant to carry away excessive heat,                                                                                                                                 (2) a radiator, consisting of many small tubes equipped with a honeycomb of fins to radiate heat rapidly, that receives and cools hot liquid from the engine,                (3) a centrifugal-type water pump with which to circulate coolant, (4) a thermostat , which maintains constant temperature by automatically varying the amount of coolant passing into the radiator, and (5) a fan, which draws fresh air through the radiator . For operation at temperatures below 32º F (0º C), it is necessary to prevent the coolant from freezing. This is usually done by adding some

Carburetor This is a device in a gasoline engine. It vaporizes the gas and mixes it with a regulated amount of air that aids in efficient combustion in the engine cylinders. Land vehicles, boats, and light aircraft have a float carburetor, in which a float regulates the fuel level in a reservoir from which the fuel is continuously sucked into the intake manifold at a restriction called a venturi. The carburetor has been replaced by the fuel injection system in many modern vehicles                                                                                                                                        The electrical system of the automobile was, at first limited to the ignition equipment. However, electric lights and horns began to replace the kerosene and acetylene lights and the bulb horns with the advent of the electric starter on a 1912 model. Electrification was rapid and complete, and, by 1930, six-volt systems were standard everywhere. The electrical system consists

Control Valve Principle Types and Operation During operation of the engine, the fluid in power steering keeps flowing from the pump to the control valve, then back to the reservoir and both the pressure surfaces are exposed to the same system pressure. In the straight ahead position of the wheel, the fluid flows through the circuit. With the increase of steering effort, the valve shift also increases exerting proportional amount of pressure by directing fluid to one pressure surface and increasing the size of the return passage opening from the opposite pressure surface to the reservoir. Figure 27.66 illustrates the principle of operation of the control valve in neutral and during a turn. The control valve is either located inside or is attached to the exterior of the integral type power steering gear. In the link type power steering gear, the valve may be built into the end of the power cylinder or be a separate unit. The mechanical input force applied by the steering wheel on one han

Core competencies for The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People Signature Program include :- Core Competencies  Habit 1 : Participants Will Learn to: Be Proactive® Take initiative, Manage change, Respond proactively, Keep commitments, Take responsibility and practice accountability, Create positive business results. Core Competencies  Habit 2 : Participants Will Learn to: Begin With the End in Mind® Define vision and values, Create a mission statement, Set measurable team and personal goals, Start projects successfully, Align goals to priorities, Focus on desired outcomes. Core Competencies  Habit 3 : Participants Will Learn to : Put First Things First® Execute strategy, Apply effective delegation skills, Focus on important activities, Apply effective planning and prioritization skills, Balance key priorities, Eliminate low priorities and time-wasters, Use planning tools effectively, Use effective time-management skills. Core Competencies  Habit 4 : Participants Wil

Disc Brake Cooling The cooling of the brake disc and its pads takes place mostly by air convection, however wheel hubs also conducts away some of the heat. The rubbing surface between the rotating disc and the stationary pads is exposed to the frontal air stream of the vehicle and hence to the directed air circulation. Therefore, under continued brake application the disc brake is consid­erably more stable than the drum brake. Also, the high conformity of the pad and disc, and the uniform pressure allows the disc to withstand higher temperatures compared to the drum brake. Since far less distortion takes place in discs compared to drums, the disc can operate at higher temperatures. Also, the disc expands towards the pads, whereas the drum expands away from the shoe linings. Consequently, in the hot condition the disc brake reduces its pedal movement, but the drum brake increases its pedal movement. The discs are made of cast iron and are ventilated to considerably improve the cooling

Combined Hydraulic/Lever Rear-wheel Shoe-expander In this case the cylinder bore (Fig. 28.42A) supports both inner and outer pistons. The outer piston uses a pressed-steel dust-cover welded to it and is grooved to carry a rectangular-cross-section rubber dust-seal. The inner piston uses a cup seal with a seal-spreader and a retainer-spring to preload the cup seal against the cylinder wall in the released position of the brakes. The tapered end of the cranked lever is housed in a triangular slot formed in each piston. This lever is located and pivoted on a pin in the body. During application of the foot-brake, the fluid pressure pushes the inner and outer pistons until the leading shoe is forced against the drum. Consequently, the hydraulic reaction of the fluid forces the cylinder body to slide in its slot on the back in the opposite direction, until the trailing shoe is engaged against the drum. Actually, the cylinder body and pistons float between both shoes and provide an equal shoe

  Actually cells are how many How many cells are there in our body and what is the size of it ? For an ordinary men the number of cell in his body will be 10,000 crores to 1,00,000 [ 1 lakh ] in our life time.The size of the single cell will be in Microns ( 1 cell = 10 microns ).The micron is also called as in thousand part in a centimeter or In meter it is one by ten lakhs part which is called as a Micron. While comming under the topic of weight of the it is ren lakhs part of one milli gram of the single cell weighs. ROBERT HOOK who is one of the biological scientists in the yaer 1665 he had found out the live cell with the help of a compound microscope. In the year 1839 SKEDN and SHAWAN are one of the two scienticts found out the primary danger will be with the cell which is declared by them.This is only called as the "STUDY OF CELLS" with this we can find out the life time of each cell wil be known and also the behaviour of it. The cell on the skin will be

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